Effect of the cranberry ( Vaccinium macrocarpon ) juice on reducing dentin erosion: an in vitro study

Abstract Vaccinium macrocarpon (cranberry) is a fruit that has an inhibitory effect on matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) present in dentin and saliva. The inhibition of MMPs has been shown to prevent dentin erosion. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of cranberry juice on the reduction of dentin erosion in vitro. Specimens of bovine dentin (4×4×2 mm) were randomized and divided into 4 groups (n = 17/group): distilled water (C-control, pH 7.2); green tea extract solution containing 400 µm epigallo-catechin-gallate (EGCg, positive control, pH 4.5); 10% cranberry extract (CrE, pH 3.9), and cranberry juice (CrJ, Cranberry JuxxTM, pH 2.8). Specimens were submitted to erosive pH cycles for 5 days. Each day, four demineralizations were carried out with 0.1% citric acid (90 s). After the acid challenges, specimens were rinsed and kept in treatment solutions for 1 min; afterwards, they were rinsed and stored in artificial saliva for 1 h at 37°C (or overnight at the end of each day). After the experimental period of 5 days, dentin loss was evaluated by contact profilometry. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's test (p < 0.05). Dentin loss (µm ± SD) was significantly lower for all treatments (EGCg = 9.93 ± 2.90; CrE = 12.10 ± 5.44; CrJ = 11.04 ± 5.70) compared to control (21.23 ± 11.96), but it did not significantly differ from each other. These results indicate that the commercial cranberry juice, despite its low pH, is able to reduce dentin erosion, which might be due to the ability of cranberry components to inhibit MMPs.

Avaliação in vitro da atividade antibacteriana de sucos de cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) sobre cepas de Escherichia coli responsáveis por infecção urinária / Evaluation of the antibacterial activity of cranberry juices (Vaccinium macrocarpon) on Escherichia coli strains responsible for urinary infection

Objetivo: Analisar o efeito antimicrobiano de sucos de cranberry concentrados, sobre cepas de Escherichia coli. Métodos: Difusão em disco, difusão em poços e microplaca, utilizando a cepa ATCC 25922 da bactéria E. coli. Resultados: Os resultados foram comparados com o controle positivo e negativo e dados encontrados na literatura para melhor compreensão da sua possível atividade antibacteriana. O resultado final encontrado foi que o suco de cranberry não tem nenhuma atividade contra o crescimento da cepa de Escherichia coli diante dos métodos realizados. Conclusão: Não houve atividade antimicrobiana do suco de cranberry sobre cepas de Escherichia coli.

Objective: Within this context the aim of this study was to analyze the antimicrobial effect of concentrated cranberry juice, on Escherichia coli. Methods: Testing as disk diffusion, diffusion in microplate wells and using the ATCC 25922 strain of E. coli bacteria. Results: The results were compared with the positive and negative control, and data in the literature, for better understanding of their potential antibacterial activity. The end result was found that cranberry juice has no activity against the growth of Escherichia coli strain before realized methods. Conclusion: There was not antimicrobial activity of cranberry juice on strains of Escherichia coli.

Infección del Tracto Urinario por Escherichia Coli Resistente a Antibióticos Tratada con Vaccinium Macrocarpon (Arándano Rojo): Reporte de Caso / Urinary tract infection caused by antibioticresistant Escherichia coli treated with Vaccinium macrocarpon (cranberry): a case report

El Vaccinium macrocarpon (arándano rojo) tiene alguna evidencia que puede ayudar a prevenir las infecciones del tracto urinario (ITU); sin embargo, la información es limitada si se trata del uso de este producto en el tratamiento de las ITU. Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 42 años de edad con antecedentes de ITU a repetición y con episodio activo, que presenta urocultivo positivo a E. coli resistente a fluoroquinolonas, aminoglucósidos y cefalosporinas de segunda generación. La paciente acepta tomar tratamiento con polvo estandarizado de Vaccinium macrocarpon durante 20 días. Se evidenció resolución del cuadro clínico y adecuada respuesta bacteriológica a dicho suplemento, según controles a los 6, 16, 65 y 93 días postratamiento. Este reporte podría ser el primer paso para ampliar los estudios sobre el uso de productos derivados de Vaccinium macrocarpon para tratamiento de episodios de ITU resistente a antibióticos.

Atividade antibacteriana e efeito interativo in vitro de um produto a base de cranberry sobre Escherichia coli / Antibacterial activity and interactive effect in vitro of a cranberry product on Escherichia coli

Produtos derivados de plantas estão sendo bastante estudados devido à possibilidade de apresentarem substâncias com atividades antimicrobianas, principalmente, em decorrência do aumento da resistência bacteriana aos antimicrobianos, Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton, conhecido como cranberry, é uma planta nativa, bastante difundida na América do Norte por suas propriedades terapêuticas, particularmente, na prevenção e tratamento de infecções urinárias, Este estudo objetivou avaliar in vitro a atividade antibacteriana, a concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) de um produto comercial a base de cranberry bem como as possíveis interações deste produto quando em associação com antimicrobianos, frente a cepas de Escherichia coli, As avaliações da atividade antibacteriana e da CIM foram realizadas utilizando-se discos de papel filtro estéreis (Cefar®), embebidos em 30µL da solução contendo frutos de cranberry em diferentes concentrações, O estudo da interferência do produto sobre a efetividade dos antimicrobianos foi realizado embebendo-se os discos de antibióticos, com 30µL da solução de cranberry [20mg/mL] equivalente a ½ CIM, Os resultados mostraram que a solução de cranberry apresentou atividade para todas as cepas de E, coli testadas independentemente do perfil de resistência e foi capaz de provocar diferentes efeitos interativos quando associado aos antimicrobianos, Estes dados comprovam o potencial antibacteriano deste fruto, promissor, para estudos de desenvolvimento de novos fármacos, entretanto, também mostram que em algumas situações, pode interferir sobre a efetividade de antimicrobianos de uso clínico...

Products derived from plants are being studied because often have substances with antimicrobial activity, mainly due to the increase in bacterial resistance to antimicrobial compounds. Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton, known as cranberry, is a plant native to, quite widespread in North America for its therapeutic properties, particularly in the prevention and treatment of urinary infections. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the possible interactions between a cranberry product when in association with antimicrobial agents against strains of Escherichia coli. The sensitivity profile was performed by disk diffusion using discs (Multifar ®), and the assessments of antibacterial activity and the MIC were performed using sterile filter paper discs (Cefar ®), soaked in 30 µl of the solution of cranberry, tested in different concentrations. The study of interference of cranberry solution about the effectiveness of antimicrobials was accomplished by soaking the antibiotic discs in their respective concentrations, with cranberry solution 30µL [20 mg/mL] equivalent to 0.5 MIC. The results showed that cranberry solution presented activity for all strains regardless of resistance profile of these lineages and was able to provoke different interactive effects when associated to antimicrobials. These results prove the antibacterial potential of this fruit promising possible, for studies of development of new products, however, also show that in some situations, it may interfere on the effectiveness of antimicrobials for clinical use...

Valoración del uso de extracto de Arándano frente a la Profilaxis Antibiótica en la Prevención de infecciones urinarias recurrentes en mujeres mayores / Assessment of the use of Cranberry extract against Antibiotic Prophylaxis in the Prevention of recurrent urinary infections in older women

Conclusiones: El trimetoprim (TMP) tuvo una ventaja muy limitada sobre los arándanos en la prevención de infecciones urinarias (ITUs) recurrentes en mujeres adultas mayores; sin embargo, el TMP presentó más efectos adversos. Estos resultados permiten sopesar la atracción inherente de usar un producto natural, barato, que no aumenta las resistencias bacterianas, ni aumenta el riesgo de superinfección por Clostridium u hongos. Comentario: Las infecciones urinarias recurrentes son particularmente frecuentes en mujeres mayores. Este estudio compara la eficacia y tolerancia entre el trimetoprim y el Vaccinium macrocarpon (arándano) en la prevención de las ITUs recurrentes en mujeres adultas mayores. Se puede concluir que la profilaxis antibiótica tiene una eficacia moderada frente a los productos de arándano en la prevención de ITUs recurrentes en este grupo de edad, aunque la incidencia de eventos adversos es mayor con la profilaxis antibiótica.(AU)

Conclusions: Trimethoprim (TMP) had a very limited advantage over cranberry in the prevention of recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) in older women; however, TMP had more adverse effects than the cranberry extract. These findings allow a woman to weigh the inherent attraction of using a natural, cheap product, which does not increase bacterial resistance, nor increase the risk of superinfection with Clostridium or fungi. Comment: Recurrent urinary tract infections are particularly common in older women. This study compares the effectiveness and tolerance of trimethoprim compared with cranberries in preventing recurrent urinary tract infection. We can conclude that antibiotic prophylaxis has a major efficacy against cranberry products for the prevention of recurrent urinary tract infections in this age group, although higher incidence of adverse events. (AU)

¿Es bacteriostático el jugo de arándano? / ¿Does cranberry juice have bacteriostatic activity?

Background. Cranberry juice is used to prevent urinary infections but it is not known if it inhibits bacterial growth in urine or in bacteriologic broth. Objective. Determining if cranberry juice has bacteriostatic properties. Methods. The urine of 20 female university students was studied before and after drinking cranberry juice. Both specimens were submitted to pH determination and inoculated with a control strain of Escherichia coli. After 1 and 2 hours of incubation with the inoculum, the urine specimens were plated on agar to determine their bacterial counts. Additionally, the growth of 10 E. coli strains were studied in broths with serial dilutions of juice. Results. No inhibitory effect on bacterial growth was observed in urine after drinking cranberry juice. After 1 and two hours of incubation with the E. coli inoculum, control urine grew an average 132.2 and 153 x 10³ colony-forming units/mL, respectively. After 1 and two hours of incubation with the inoculum, post-intervention urine grew an average 141.4 and 170.6 x 10³ CFU/mL, respectively (p > 0.05). Against expectations, an increment was observed in urinary pH after drinking the juice (average pH in controls, 5.8 vs. 6.2 in post-intervention specimens; p = 0.043). In vitro analysis did not find a negative trend of E. coli growth in broths with higher concentrations of juice. Conclusions. Cranberry juice was not associated with bacteriostatic properties and its ingestión was not followed by a drop in urinary pH, which suggests that these are not its potential beneficial effects for the management and the prevention of urinary tract infections.

Antecedentes. El jugo de arándano se utiliza en la prevención de infecciones urinarias, pero se desconoce si tiene efecto inhibitorio de la multiplicación bacteriana en orina o en caldo de cultivo. Objetivo. Determinar si el jugo de arándano tiene efectos bacteriostáticos. Métodos. Se estudió en orina de 20 universitarias, antes y tres horas después de la ingestión de jugo de arándano; en ambos especímenes se determinó el pH y se inoculó una cepa de Escherichia coli. A una y dos horas de incubación con el inoculo, los especímenes se sembraron en agar para determinar sus cuentas bacterianas. Se estudió además el crecimiento de 10 cepas de E. coli en caldos con seis concentraciones diferentes de jugo de arándano. Resultados. No se observó un efecto bacteriostático en orina luego de la ingestión del jugo de arándano. Luego de una y dos horas de incubación con la cepa de E. coli, la orina control brindó una cuenta media de 132.2 y 153 x 10³ UFC/ inL, respectivamente. La cuenta similar de la orina postingestión del jugo brindó una media de 141.4 y 170.6x 10³ UFC/mL, respectivamente (p > 0.05). Contra lo esperado, se observó un incremento del pH urinario después de ingerir el jugo (media del pH en orina control: 5.8 vs. 6.2 en orina postingestión; p = 0.043). En el análisis in vitro no se encontró tendencia negativa del crecimiento de E. coli en caldo de cultivo con mayores concentraciones de jugo. Conclusiones. No se observó efecto bacteriostático o de acidificación urinaria del jugo de arándano, lo cual sugiere que no son éstos sus posibles efectos benéficos para el manejo y la prevención de las infecciones de vías urinarias.